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Search resuls for: "State Administration of Foreign Exchange"


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Xu Zhibin deputy administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange attends a sub-forum during the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2024 on March 26, 2024. China will make it easier to move capital in and out of the country and promote financial market deregulation, a senior forex regulator said on Friday, as Beijing seeks to woo foreign investors amid heightened geopolitical tensions. "We will steadily push forward two-way capital market opening, and strengthen the connectivity between domestic and overseas financial markets," Xu Zhibin, deputy head of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), said at the annual Boao forum for Asia. "We will expand the variety and scope of investments to attract more investors to invest in China's financial markets." Meanwhile, overseas listings by Chinese companies have slumped, thanks to tighter scrutiny over national and data security by both Chinese and Western governments.
Persons: Xu Zhibin, Xu Organizations: State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Asia Locations: China, Beijing, Asia, U.S
Foreign direct investment in China has slumped in recent months as a combination of slower growth, regulatory crackdowns, onerous national security legislation and questions about the country’s long-term growth prospects have shaken confidence in the world’s second biggest economy. But global investors remain wary of China’s rising scrutiny of Western companies as well as a structural slowdown. In the first two months of 2024, foreign direct investment (FDI) into the country shrank nearly 20% from a year ago, underscoring weak confidence among global executives. Another gauge of FDI — direct investment liabilities — showed a 82% slump in 2023, according to figures released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. China has set this year’s economic growth target at around 5%, the same as last year’s.
Persons: Xi Jinping, Cristiano Amon, Raj Subramaniam, Stephen Schwarzman Organizations: Taipei CNN, Qualcomm, FedEx, Blackstone, of, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, China Development, Commerce Ministry, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, American Chamber of Commerce Locations: China, Hong Kong, Taipei, Beijing, United States
Standard Chartered CEO Bill Winters met with the head of China's foreign exchange regulator on Monday, a month after the bank suspended new investments by its clients in the country into offshore products via a quota-based channel. "We have confidence in China's continued financial sector opening and economic transition," Winters said. "The inauguration of SCSCL will enhance Standard Chartered's ability to serve clients domestically and internationally, deepening and diversifying our capabilities in China". StanChart started hiring staff in China since 2023 as it geared up to launch the investment banking unit targeting niche bond deals, chairman of the unit said last year. Blackstone's Schwarzman held a meeting on Monday with the chief secretary of Communist Party of China, Cai Qi, a statement from China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs shows.
Persons: Bill Winters, Winters, Zhu Hexin, StanChart, Zhu, China's, StanChart's Winters, Noel Quinn, Blackstone's Schwarzman, Cai Qi, Cai Organizations: China's, Administration of Foreign Exchange, SAFE, Standard Chartered Securities China, China Development, Communist Party of China, China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs Locations: London, China, U.S, Los Angeles
Hong Kong CNN —China’s central bank has cut its key mortgage reference rate by a record amount, as it ramps up efforts to stem a prolonged property crisis. The People’s Bank of China (PBOC) announced Tuesday that it would cut its five-year loan prime rate (LPR) from 4.2% to 3.95%, while keeping the one-year LPR unchanged at 3.45%. The 25 basis point cut to the five-year LPR is the biggest reduction the central bank has made since it revamped its LPR system in 2019. The latest cut was also the first reduction to the five-year LPR since June 2023. “Today’s 25 (basis point) cut to the five-year LPR is clearly aimed at supporting the housing market,” analysts from Capital Economics said in a note on Tuesday.
Persons: , Organizations: Hong Kong CNN, People’s Bank of China, Capital Economics, Zhongrong Trust, State Administration of Foreign Exchange Locations: China, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen
Starting Feb. 5, the People's Bank of China will allow banks to hold smaller cash reserves, central bank governor Pan Gongsheng said at a press conference, his first in the role. Cutting the reserve requirement ratio (RRR) by 50 basis points is set to release 1 trillion yuan ($139.8 billion) in long-term capital, the central bank said. A 2 trillion yuan boost? Chinese Premier Li Qiang on Monday called for much stronger measures to boost market stability and confidence, according to an official readout. Chinese authorities in October already announced the issuance of 1 trillion yuan in government bonds, alongside a rare increase in the deficit.
Persons: Gongsheng, Pan Gongsheng, Tao Wang, Ting Lu, a, Lu, Wang, Stocks, Winnie Wu, That's, Li Qiang, Pan, Philip Yin, David Chao, Pan's Organizations: People's Bank of China, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Financial, Getty, Visual China, People's Bank of, UBS Investment Bank, Wednesday, National Financial Regulatory Administration, UBS, Bank of America's, Bloomberg, PBOC, Citi, U.S, Asia Pacific, CNBC Locations: BEIJING, CHINA, Beijing, China, People's Bank of China, Asia, Hong Kong, capitulating, Japan, Invesco
Five of the seven advisers who spoke with Reuters said they favoured a target of around 5%, matching this year's goal. The proposals will be made next month at the ruling Communist Party's annual Central Economic Work Conference that discusses policy plans and the outlook for the world's second-largest economy. "We need to adopt expansionary fiscal and monetary policy to stimulate aggregate demand," Yu Yongding, a government economist who advocates for a growth target of roughly 5%, told Reuters. "We are stepping up fiscal policy support," said another adviser, to make the "difficult" 2024 target "achievable." The stuttering post-COVID recovery has prompted many analysts to call for structural reforms that tilt the drivers of economic growth away from property and infrastructure investment and towards household consumption and market-allocation of resources.
Persons: Yu Yongding, Yu, Guan Tao, Xi Jinping, Kevin Yao, Marius Zaharia Organizations: Reuters, Communist, Economic Work Conference, BOC International, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Thomson Locations: China, BEIJING, Beijing, outflows, Japan
The building of State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) is pictured in Beijing, China, January 11, 2017. Zhu's appointment to lead the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) is expected to be announced as soon as this week, said one of the sources. Zhu, 55, would also be named a deputy governor of the People's Bank of China (PBOC), which oversees the foreign exchange regulator, said the source. Zhu will take over the forex regulatory head role from Pan Gongsheng, who has held the post since 2016 and who was named the central bank governor in July. An engineering graduate from the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Zhu has also been a deputy central bank governor, and vice governor of Sichuan province in southwestern China.
Persons: Jason Lee, Zhu Hexin, Zhu, Pan Gongsheng, Goldman Sachs, Sumeet Chatterjee, Muralikumar Organizations: Administration of Foreign Exchange, REUTERS, Rights, CITIC Group, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, People's Bank of China, Communist, Reuters, SAFE, Bank of Communications, Bank of China, Shanghai University of Finance, Thomson Locations: Beijing, China, Rights BEIJING, HONG KONG, Sichuan, outflows, Hong Kong
Reuters GraphicsMuch of China's growing rescue lending is denominated in renminbi, the report found, with loans in the Chinese currency overtaking U.S. dollars in 2020. Overdue payments to Chinese lenders have also risen. The arrangement is controversial because it gives China debt seniority, meaning other lenders, including multilateral development banks, could get paid second during any coordinated debt relief. Half of its non-emergency lending in 2021 was syndicated loans, 80% of that alongside Western banks and international financial institutions. Loan commitments to African countries fell from 31% of the total in 2018 to 12% in 2021, while lending to European countries almost quadrupled to 23%.
Persons: Tingshu Wang, AidData, Xi Jinping, , Mary, Brad Parks, Rachel Savage, Clare Baldwin, Tomasz Janowski Organizations: REUTERS, Rights, Beijing, Initiative, People's Bank of China, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Mary university, Reuters, Thomson Locations: Beijing, China, Rights JOHANNESBURG, HONG KONG, U.S, Sri Lanka, Zambia, renminbi, Africa
China just posted a quarterly foreign investment deficit for the first time. Officials have released foreign direct investment figures each quarter for the past 25 years – and it's the first time the gauge has turned negative, Reuters reported. The deficit suggests that western countries and companies are shunning China with Sino-US tensions steadily rising and new anti-spying laws spooking international investors. Analysts flagged that clampdown as one factor driving the decline in foreign direct investment. The foreign direct investment deficit is far from the only economic headache that Beijing faces.
Persons: China's, , Joe Biden, Duncan Wrigley, Mark Mobius, he'd Organizations: Service, State Administration of Foreign, Reuters, Analysts, Macroeconomics, Bloomberg, " International, Micron, Bain, Co Locations: China, Beijing, Shanghai
Hong Kong CNN —The world’s second largest economy is struggling to attract foreign companies and investments, despite Beijing’s efforts to address its myriad economic challenges, according to new data from China. A gauge of foreign direct investment (FDI) into China has slipped into the red for the first time since 1998, underscoring the country’s failure to stem capital outflows. It suggests foreign companies may be taking their money out of the country, instead of re-investing in their operations. Direct investment liabilities include profits belonging to foreign companies that have not yet been repatriated or distributed to shareholders, as well as foreign investment in financial institutions, according to the government. Late last month, China’s legislature approved one trillion yuan ($137 billion) in sovereign bonds to support the economy.
Persons: Refinitiv, Ant, , Xu jingbai, ICHPL, Xi Jinping, , ” Carlo D’Andrea, Shanghai —, JP Morgan, Tesla Organizations: Hong Kong CNN, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Commerce Ministry, Vanguard, BlackRock, CNN, Bloomberg, China, European Union Chamber of Commerce, People’s Bank of, HSBC, American Chamber of Commerce Locations: China, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, outflows, People’s Bank of China
China's Xi Makes First Known Visit to Central Bank -Sources
  + stars: | 2023-10-24 | by ( Oct. | At A.M. | ) www.usnews.com   time to read: +1 min
BEIJING (Reuters) - Chinese President Xi Jinping made his first known visit to the nation's central bank since he became president a decade ago, two sources with knowledge of the matter said, as China's economy and financial markets grapple with headwinds. Xi, along with Vice Premier He Lifeng and other government officials, visited the People's Bank of China (PBOC) and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) in Beijing on Tuesday, the sources told Reuters. The purpose of the visit was not immediately known. The PBOC and SAFE could not be immediately reached for comment outside of business hours. Capital outflows from China rose sharply to $75 billion in September, the biggest monthly figure since 2016, Goldman Sachs' preferred gauge of foreign exchange flows showed, underscoring intensifying depreciation pressure on the yuan.
Persons: Xi Jinping, Goldman Sachs Organizations: People's Bank of China, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Reuters, Capital Locations: BEIJING, Beijing, Capital outflows, China
China's Xi makes first known visit to central bank -sources
  + stars: | 2023-10-24 | by ( ) www.reuters.com   time to read: +1 min
Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks at the opening ceremony of the Belt and Road Forum (BRF) to mark the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, October 18, 2023. REUTERS/Edgar Su/File Photo/File Photo Acquire Licensing RightsBEIJING, Oct 24 (Reuters) - Chinese President Xi Jinping made his first known visit to the nation's central bank since he became president a decade ago, two sources with knowledge of the matter said, as China's economy and financial markets grapple with headwinds. Xi, along with Vice Premier He Lifeng and other government officials, visited the People's Bank of China (PBOC) and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) in Beijing on Tuesday, the sources told Reuters. The purpose of the visit was not immediately known. The PBOC and SAFE could not be immediately reached for comment outside of business hours.
Persons: Xi Jinping, Edgar Su, Goldman Sachs Organizations: Initiative, of, People, REUTERS, Rights, People's Bank of China, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Reuters, Capital, Thomson Locations: Beijing, Rights BEIJING, Capital outflows, China
The foundation of economic recovery is not solid," said an adviser to the cabinet who spoke on condition of anonymity. The debate about economic policy in China has heated up in recent months with some government advisers advocating reforms to help unleash new growth engines beyond property and infrastructure investment. For those looking for structural reforms, the focus is on policies that spur urbanisation and household spending power, reduce the reliance on investment and level the playing field between state-owned enterprises and private firms. "Fiscal policy should still play the leading role next year," said Xu Hongcai, deputy director of the economic policy commission at the state-backed China Association of Policy Science. "We should push reforms as many problems are structural, but reforms are difficult to implement and require political will," said one policy insider.
Persons: Xu Hongcai, Xu, Guan Tao, Kevin Yao, Sam Holmes Organizations: Reuters, China Association of Policy, BOC International, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Communist, Thomson Locations: China, BEIJING, Beijing
The foundation of economic recovery is not solid," said an adviser to the cabinet who spoke on condition of anonymity. The debate about economic policy in China has heated up in recent months with some government advisers advocating reforms to help unleash new growth engines beyond property and infrastructure investment. For those looking for structural reforms, the focus is on policies that spur urbanisation and household spending power, reduce the reliance on investment and level the playing field between state-owned enterprises and private firms. "Fiscal policy should still play the leading role next year," said Xu Hongcai, deputy director of the economic policy commission at the state-backed China Association of Policy Science. "We should push reforms as many problems are structural, but reforms are difficult to implement and require political will," said one policy insider.
Persons: Xu Hongcai, Xu, Guan Tao, Kevin Yao, Sam Holmes Organizations: Reuters, China Association of Policy, BOC International, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Communist, Thomson Locations: China, BEIJING, Beijing
Tokyo CNN —China has formally arrested a Japanese man who was detained in March, according to officials from Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) and the Japanese Embassy in Beijing. The arrest of the Japanese national, who was reportedly an employee of a Tokyo-based pharmaceutical firm, could further rattle foreign businesses in China, which have reported feeling more unsettled this year amid a crackdown on international consulting firms on national security grounds. According to Japanese public broadcaster NHK, the man was an employee of drugmaker Astellas Pharma and was detained in March by Chinese security authorities in Beijing on suspicion of violating the country’s criminal law and anti-espionage law. In May, state security authorities said they had raided several offices of Capvision, an advisory network. The issue has been cited as headache for foreign businesses, some of which were already having trouble convincing workers to relocate to China.
Persons: Hirokazu Matsuno, Japan’s MOFA, Mao Ning, , , Weeks, Bain, — CNN’s Michelle Toh, Sophie Jeong, Mengchen Zhang Organizations: Tokyo CNN, Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Embassy, NHK, drugmaker, Pharma, CNN, Foreign Ministry, Ministry of State Security, Mintz Group, American Chamber of Commerce, China’s Commerce Ministry, State Administration of Foreign Exchange Locations: China, Tokyo, Beijing, MOFA, Shanghai, Hong Kong
China's official app for digital yuan is seen on a mobile phone next to 100-yuan banknotes in this illustration picture taken October 16, 2020. REUTERS/Florence Lo/Illustration/File photo Acquire Licensing RightsSHANGHAI, Oct 13 (Reuters) - A Chinese foreign exchange regulator official said "programmable features" of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) could help enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy tools, state media reported on Friday. China is among a host of countries developing their own CBDCs - digital tokens issued by central banks - although adoption is still in its early stages. Lu said he expected the People's Bank of China (PBOC) could explore the features to adjust rates of CBDC, which could also be used manage the macro economy. Transactions using China's CBDC, the e-CNY, hit 1.8 trillion yuan ($249.33 billion) at end-June.
Persons: Florence Lo, Lu Lei, Lu, Sam Holmes Organizations: REUTERS, Rights, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Shanghai Securities News, People's Bank of China, Bank of International, Shanghai, Thomson Locations: China
China is not actually dumping its stockpile of US bonds, former Treasury official Brad Setser wrote. A large part of China's holdings are not accounted for in official US data, he said. While it has sold some Treasurys, Beijing has also bought up US debt in the form of agency bonds. Agency bonds are issued by government-sponsored enterprises, and some of the top issuers are US-backed firms like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. During 2022 and the first six months of 2023, China purchased over $100 billion agency debt and sold just $40 billion in Treasurys, he estimated.
Persons: Brad Setser, , Torsten Sløk, Setser, Belgium's, China's, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac Organizations: Treasury, Service, Council, Foreign Relations, Apollo, Treasury International Capital, Foreign, Administration of Foreign Exchange, Agency Locations: China, Beijing, Treasurys
Shanghai’s free trade zone is one of China’s largest and is slightly bigger than the city of Seattle. The policies are aimed at attracting foreign investment to build an open economy, the government said. Thursday’s measures are the latest effort by Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s government to woo foreign capital and stabilize ties with the West. China has made a series of moves recently to stabilize foreign trade and investment, including cutting a tax on stock trading for the first time since 2008. The latest relaxation in capital controls is part of a policy package announced by Beijing and Shanghai, the country’s two biggest cities, to facilitate foreign trade and investment.
Persons: Tesla’s Gigafactory, Stringer, Xi Jinping’s, JP Morgan, Tesla Organizations: Hong Kong CNN, HP, AstraZeneca, Getty, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, American Chamber of Commerce, People’s Bank of, HSBC Locations: China, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Seattle, BlackRock, AFP, People’s Bank of China, Macao, Taiwan
China suffered a capital outflow of $49 billion in August, the largest since December 2015. Of that amount, $29 billion fled securities investments, including a record-high exit from bonds. And as inbound travel to China has yet to return to previous levels, the services trade continues to suffer a deficit. AdvertisementAdvertisementThe previous time China faced outflows of this size was when markets were reeling from a surprise currency devaluation in 2015. Capital flight in China may not be turned around easily, as expectations that the country can even meet its 5% GDP target this year begin to dim.
Organizations: Service, Administration of Foreign Exchange, Bloomberg Locations: China, Wall, Silicon, Beijing
The symposium was intended to “increase financial support to help stabilize foreign trade and foreign investment” and improve the “investment environment” for foreign business, the statement said. In the first eight months of this year, foreign direct investment into China fell 5.1% from a year ago, according to data released by China’s commerce ministry on Sunday. A separate measure for foreign investment painted a grimmer picture. Companies that attended PBOC’s meeting called on Beijing to improve its business environment, its statement added. “[We] will continue to optimize policy arrangements, create a market-oriented, legal and international first-class business environment,” Pan told the companies.
Persons: Gongsheng, JP Morgan, Tesla, Gina Raimondo, , ” Pan Organizations: Hong Kong CNN, People’s Bank of China, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, DB, BNP, Japan’s, Bank, BASF, Schneider, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, SAFE, American Chamber of Commerce, US, Companies Locations: China, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Southeast Asia, Beijing
The swaps allow exporters to place their dollars with banks and get yuan instead, but through a contract that will eventually reverse the flows and give them back their dollars. However, while they remove a much-needed source of dollar supplies into spot yuan markets, analysts reckon Chinese monetary authorities can't really force exporters to convert dollars. When exporters swap higher-yielding dollars for the cheaper yuan for even 3 months, they get local currency for business needs and also earn a pick-up of an annualised 3.5% on the swap deal. "By trading FX swaps, exporters can postpone their settlements while meeting their yuan demand," said Becky Liu, head of China macro strategy at Standard Chartered Bank. Exporters' swaps, meanwhile, give state banks a pile of dollars to use in their yuan operations, in which they can undertake swaps to acquire the dollars from the onshore forwards market and sell them in the spot market to stem fast yuan declines.
Persons: Dado Ruvic, Ding, Gary Ng, Becky Liu, Jindong Zhang, Winni Zhou, Tom Westbrook, Vidya Ranganathan, Kim Coghill Organizations: REUTERS, Rights, U.S, Federal Reserve, Asia Pacific, Traders, Administration of Foreign Exchange, Standard Chartered Bank, China Merchants Bank, Thomson Locations: Rights SHANGHAI, SINGAPORE, U.S, Shanghai, China, Natixis, Singapore
A record 38 QDII funds had been launched this year until August 17, outpacing the 31 funds launched in 2022, Morningstar data shows. Tianhong, which is planning new QDII products, obtained a $120 million fresh QDII quota in July, less than it had hoped for. Rather than foreign capital selling China equities, this time it's Chinese investors’ outbound investment,” Liu said. HUGE DEMANDThe QDII program, launched in 2006, remains a key outbound investment channel for mainland Chinese investors, alongside the Qualified Domestic Limited Partnership (QDLP) programme. Tracy Liu, an individual investor working in the information technology industry, invested in an India-focused QDII fund in March.
Persons: Aly, Ivan Shi, Liu Dong, Becky Liu, Liu, ” Liu, Desiree Wang, Tracy Liu, Summer Zhen, Samuel Shen, Jason Xue, Vidya Ranganathan Organizations: REUTERS, Morningstar, Domestic Institutional, Nasdaq, Ben Advisors, Connect, Bond, U.S, Dow Jones, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Tianhong, Management, Ant Financial, Standard Chartered Bank, Reuters, Qualified Domestic Limited, Asset Management Association of China, Guangfa NASDAQ, Technology, Morgan Asset Management, Morgan Asset Management China, Thomson Locations: Shanghai, Shenzhen, China, U.S, HONG KONG, SHANGHAI, Hong Kong, Vietnam, India, outflows, Japan, Russia
China's capital exodus is among the worst seen by emerging markets, said Robin Brooks, chief economist at IIF. That's as global investors have grown wary of autocratic regimes, he tweeted on Sunday. "The change in global capital flows is seismic. "But China has now seen consistent and large outflows for the past 18 months, as investors grow wary of autocracies." Global markets look at China in a new light," Brooks said in a separate X post.
Persons: Robin Brooks, Brooks, Ukraine that's, Adam Posen Organizations: IIF, Service, Institute of International Finance, hemorrhaging, CSI, Administration of Foreign Exchange, EPFR, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Foreign Affairs Locations: China, Wall, Silicon, Ukraine, outflows
A gentle downtrend in foreign direct investment gave way to a steep drop last quarter and inflows to China slammed to their lowest since records began 25 years ago, raising the prospect that the long-term trend is turning. Sources have told Reuters the Biden administration is likely to adopt new outbound investment restrictions on China in the coming weeks. Japan, the U.S. and Europe have already restricted the sale of high-tech chipmaking tools to Chinese companies while China has hit back by throttling exports of raw materials. To be sure, investment flows often fluctuate and many firms aren't leaving China completely or aren't leaving at all. "A lot of our clients are worried about their exposure to China as a sole country of supply."
Persons: Carlos Barria, Deng Xiaoping, Logan Wright, Biden, John Ramig, Buchalter, Daniel Seeff, Cardigan, Chi Lo, Lee Smith, Baker Donelson, Samuel Shen, Tom Westbrook, Winni Zhou, Jacqueline Wong Organizations: REUTERS, Corporate, China Markets, China's, Administration of Foreign Exchange, Investors, Reuters, Oxford Economics, Ministry of Commerce, Management, Thomson Locations: Pudong, Shanghai, SHANGHAI, SYDNEY, China, Japan, U.S, Europe, Haining, Peru, Hong Kong, Baker, Singapore
One source said regulators were emphatic banks should hold off dollar purchases under their proprietary trading accounts due to the "recent yuan depreciation". "The yuan exchange rate expectations are stable, and the foreign exchange market has the foundation to meet authentic and compliant FX needs," SAFE said in response to a Reuters query. Keeping non-urgent dollar demand at bay could relieve some of the immediate pressure on the yuan, the sources said. But that excitement soon faded, as domestic and foreign investors said they would wait for substantive action before putting more money into China. There was also a seasonal factor too, as overseas-listed Chinese companies usually need more foreign exchange in the summer to pay dividends to shareholders.
Persons: China's, Ken Cheung, Alvin Tan, Tan, Goldman Sachs, Vidya Ranganathan, Simon Cameron, Moore Organizations: U.S ., People's Bank of China, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Reuters, Mizuho Bank, Asia FX, RBC Capital Markets, Goldman, Overseas, Thomson Locations: SHANGHAI, BEIJING, Hong Kong, Asia, China, Shanghai, Beijing
Total: 25